Jude the Obscure

Jude the Obscure By Thomas Hardy

Jude the Obscure is a novel by Thomas Hardy, which begun as a  magazine serial in  December  1894 and was first published in book  form in 1895. It is Hardy last completed novel. The protagonist, Jude Fawley, is a working class young man;  he is a stonemason who dreams of becoming a scholar. The other main character is his cousin, Sue  Bridehead, who is also his central love interest. The novel is concerned in particular with issues of class, education, religion, morality and marriage.

Character  of  Novel 

Jude Fawley

The novel's protagonist, a poor orphan who is raised by his great - aunt after his parents divorced and died. Jude dreams of attending the university at Christminister,  but he fails to be accepted because of his working class background. He is a skilled stonemason and a kindly soul who cannot hurt any living thing. Jude's "fatal flaw" is his weakness regarding alcohol and women, and he allows his marriage to Arabella, even though it is unhappy, to distract himself from his dream. He shares a deep connection with his cousin Sue, but their relationship is doomed by  their earlier marriages, society's disapproval, and  bad  luck.  Jude starts out pious and religious, but by the end of his life he has grown agnostic and bitter.

Jude is Obscure in that he comes from uncertain origins, struggles largely unnoticed to realize his aspirations, and dies without having made any mark on  the world. He is also obscure in the sense of being ambiguous: he is divided internally, and the conflicts range all the way from that between sexual desire and knowledge to  that between two different views of the world. Jude is therefore, struggling both with  the world and with himself. 

He is not well equipped to win. though he is intelligent enough and determined, he tries to force his way to the knowledge he wants. though well -intentioned and goodhearted, he  often acts impulsively on the basis of too little objective evidence. Though he  is unable to hurt an animal or another human being, he shows very little concern for himself and his own survival, often needlessly sacrificing his own good. He never learns, as phillotson  finally does perhaps too late, to calculate how to  get what he wants. In short,  he is more human than divine, as Hardy points out.

He is obsessed with ideals. Very early he makes Christminster into an ideal of  the intellectual  life, and his admitted failure there does not dim the luster with which it shine in his imagination to the very end of his life. He searches for the ideal woman who will be both lover and companion, and though he finds passion without intellectual interests in Arabella and wide interests  but frigidity in Sue he maintains the latter as his ideal to his deathbed. Recognizing the christminster holiday just before he died, Jude says, 

               "And I here. And Sue defiled!"

Jude is reconciled to his fate before he dies only in the sense that he recognizes what it is. In a conversation with Mrs. Edlin hesays that perhaps he and Sue were  ahead of their time in the way they wanted to live. He does not regret the struggle he has made,at the least, as he lies ill he tries to puzzle out the meaning of the life. At the very end, however , like job he wonders why he was born. But then so perhaps dose every man, Hardy seems to imply.  

                

  

              

Absalom and Achitophel

 Absalom and Achitophel

Absalom and Achitophel  is a celebrated satirical poem by John Dryden, written in heroic couplets and  first published in 1681.  The poem tells the Biblical tale of the rebellion of Absalom against king David; In this context it is an allegory  used to represent a story contemporary to Dryden,  concerning  king Charles 2 and the Exclusion crisis.   The poem also references the popish plot and the Monmouth Rebellion.  

"Absalom and Achitophel " includes more than 1, 000 poems.  For all that , the poem is not finished: the second part was written by Nahum Tate, with Dryden himself written no more than a few poems. These poems allegorically  depict the political struggle in England at that time. For example, the Biblical legend of the rebellious son of king David  serves as an allegory for the history  of the struggle of the whigs, led by lord sheftsberri against  the so - called "catholic conspiracy." 

 

Character of Absalom and Achitophel 

Absalom 

David's illegitimate son and the protagonist of the "Absalom and Achitophel." David does not have any legitimate heirs to the throne, but Absalom is his favorite child. Absalom is handsome and ambitious, and he has made himself a hero at war.  The people of Israel love Absalom almost as much as David does, and Achitophel believe that the Jews would accept Absalom as their king.Achitophel begins to encourage Absalom and herald his birth and blood as royal, and he tries to convince Absalom to rebel against David. Absalom, however, is not a malicious man, and he doesn't initially believe he has a right to the crown,  but he is eventually worn down by Achitophel flattery and his own growing desire for more power.  Absalom agrees to rebel against David, and as he travels lsrael in a procession with Achitophel, Absalom  conforms to Achitophel deceitful ways. Absalom and Achitophel mistakes David's mercy and good nature for weakness, but David soon loses patience with both Absalom and Achitophel.  David asserts his power as king before the people of lsrael and effectively  shuts down Absalom rebellion, but Dryden never does say what become of Absalom.  Absalom metaphysically  represents Charles 2 illegitimate son James Scott,   the 1st Duke of Monmouth, who rebelled against Charles and the throne in Dryden time.  Through the character of Absalom,  Dryden ultimately  argues that Charles and his brother James both have a divine right to the crown that is not expected to Monmouth.   Dryden  depiction of Absalom implies that Dryden does not think Monmouth a wholly terrible person, but  someone who is merely tempted and blinded by power; however, Dryden also suggests that Monmouth common birth automatically excludes him from ascending the throne.   Dryden argued through  Absalom that Monmouth play to power, specifically his attempt to seize a position of power that rightfully belongs to another, is a sin against God. Dryden   doesn't  entirely  denounce Absalom ambition, but  he does argue that usurping the  throne is completely unethical. 

Achitophel 

A deceitful  counselor to king David and the antagonist of "Absalom and Achitophel." Of all the man  who oppose David within the government, Achitophel is the most influential.  He is smart, ambitious, and morally flexible.  He pretends to be David's friend, but in actuality, he either wants to rule lsrael or completely destroy it. Achitophel stokes the " malcontents " of the Jews and incites anti -Jerusite hysteria in an attempt to ruin David, and then he encourages David son Absalom to rebel against him.  Absalom  hates David's brother, the Heir presumptive, and  he wants to make sure that he never ascends the throne.  Achitophel begins his plan to ruin David  by claiming David is a Jerusite, and his approach proves very  effective.  As Achitophel works on Absalom, Achitophel trusted men wreak havoc with the Sandestin and try to  bring David down from inside the government. Achitophel finally convinces Absalom to rebel, and they embark on  a procession through Israel to further  ingratiate  Absalom with the people and identify enemies to their cause.  However, Achitophel has mistaken David mercy and mild temper for signs of weakness, and when David finally loses his patience, Achitophel is reminded of David divine power.  Dryden's Achitophel represents Anthony Ashley Cooper, the 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, a Member of parliament during Dryden  time and the main supporters of the Exclusion Bill. What comes of Achitophel is never revealed in Dryden's poem, but historically speaking, shaftesbury was tried for treason after encouraging Charles son the Duke of Monmouth, to rebel against the crown, but he was  later acquitted.  Through Achitophel, Dryden suggests that Charles and James both have just claims to the throne and is not for shaftesbury, Monmouth, or parliament to infringe on that power. 

David

The third king of lsrael.  David is a merciful  and  kind king who does not have a male heir to inherit the throne.  As such, the crown will ascend down a "collateral line" after David death to his brother. As he has many mistresses, David also gas several illegitimate sons, but he loves Absalom the most, and the people of lsrael likewise love Absalom and herald him as a national hero.  Dryden David is an allegory for king Charles 2 of England, and like David,  Dryden argued that  Charles has a divine right to the throne, which Charles son, the Duke of Monmouth tried to  usurp in Dryden time.  Dryden was an ardent supporter of the monarchy and Charles 2,  and his portrayal of  David in "Absalom and Achitophel " reflects this support, but he does not depict David as perfect.  

Minor character 

Balaam 

One of Achitophel men. Balaam is a prophet in the Bible, and in "Absalom and Achitophel " he represents Theophilus Hastings, a Member of parliament and proponents of the Exclusion Bill.

Caleb 

One of Achitophel men. Caleb is a spy in the Bible, and in Dryden poem he represents Arthur  Capel, Earl of Essex, a Prominent advocate of the Exclusion Bill.

Nadab 

One of Achitophel men. In the Bible, Nadab disobey God and is consumed by fire. In "Absalom and Achitophel," he represents William, lord   Howard Esrick, a puritan  preacher who supports the Exclusion Bill.

Zadock 

One of David Trusted men. According to the Bible, zadock is the High priest of lsrael, and in Dryden poem he represents  William  sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, a supported of Charles 2.

Adriel 

Another of David trusted men. In the Bible, Adrian is a nobleman in lsrael and another of Barzillais sins. In "Absalom and Achitophel " Adrian most likely represents John shuffled, 3rd Earl of Musgrave, who opposed Monmouth  succession to the crown and supported James 2.

Michal /David wife

The queen of lsrael.  Michal is also the daughter of Saul, and she and David have no children.  She represents Charles 2nd wife, Catherine of Braganza ; like David and Michal, Charles and Catherine did not have children  

Thank you 

Macbeth

  William Shakespeare play Macbeth

 

This blog is related to the blog task based on  William shakespeare play  'Macbeth 

Feminist Reading of Lady macbeth 

 

 In Shakespeare's play Macbeth, he presents the conflicting character of Lady Macbeth.  Upon receiving her husband's letter about the witches prophesies, she attempts to be like a man in order to exude the strength needed to gain additional social status as royalty.  Lady Macbeth appears to be very influential in planning - deciding when and chiding her husband for not acting more like a man; yet, despite these capabilities, she is the main reason for the revealing of the Macbeth's part in the usurpation of the throne.

According  to materialist feminism theory, despite her earlier show of strength, Lady Macbeth eventual weakness is a result of a patriarchal portrayal of her gender. 

A  popular speculation on why the oppression of women is not more commonly recognized than the oppression of certain ethnic or religious groups, is that "women's allegiance to men from their own always supersedes their allegiance to women from different classes." While certain social and economic factors separate people from different walks of life,  within these groups women are  also separated from each other. Women remain isolated which prevents them from making significant changes because they have no strength in size.

 

Similarly, Lady Macbeth, while being notably strong  compared to other members of her gender, gas no way to enact her schemes as she is kept isolated from other women during the course of the play. While her strength is great, she is not powerful enough alone to deal with a murder.  She does not reveal the secret of their murderous deeds because she is a woman and thus inherently weak,  but she reveals the secrets  because she is a woman and thus has been selectively isolated from finding strength in number. 

 From the very beginning of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth  is shown as a character is relents in creating rebellious plots.  According to Lois Tyson, " women  themselves..in the accomplishment of their husbands and  sons."  Lady  Macduff-  the epitome of  motherhood - does not concoct some evil plot because she invests all of her intellectual powers into the achievement of her husband and children. 

 

On the other hand, Lady Macbeth, not as bound to domestic duties as Lady Macduff, sharpens her intellectual capabilities for her own use. While intelligence form a male character would be seen as a beneficial trait, patriarchy defines Lady Macbeth intelligence as a flaw and as an indicator that she is unnatural and "unfulfilled " as a woman. 

Patriarchal society encourages Lady Macbeth to invest herself in the role of mother.  Lady Macbeth is seen as selfish and abnormal when she confesses that there is a situation when she would "brains out," a very unnatural statement according to patriarchy beliefs that women's desire to have and protect children is a part of "their natural  biological makeup." Though intelligent and strong at the beginning of Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is reduced to an insignificant person haunted by nightmares and guilt as a result of a patriarchal portrayal of her gender.

This video of character analysis of Lady Macbeth 

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Literary Characteristics of Victorian Age

 Assignment: literary Characteristics of Victorian Age 

Paper No  : 105 History of English literature form 1350 - 1900

 Topic : literary Characteristics of Victorian Age 

Name : Sangita Kantariya 

Roll No : 20 

Enrollment No: 4069206420210015

Semester : 01

Year : 2021-22 

Submitted by : S.B. gardi 

   Department of English, MKBU 

Introduction

Victorian period is one of the remarkable periods of English literature.  It is named according to Queen Victoria. It is said that the Victorian period is the second Renaissance of England.  We get sundry Characteristics of this era such as the conflict between science and Religion, imperialism, industrialization, materialistic  outlooking, adventure, presence of women in all sectors, the domination of novels but fluency of poetry, and so on. 

Literary Characteristics of Victorian Age 

The Conflict Between Science and Religion 

Main features of this era that is the  Conflict between science and Religion.  In this period, science was expanded so much. All men of this era were moving away from Religion.  At that time Charles Robert Darwin wrote a scientific book, "On the Origin of Special."  Darwin suggested that men are originated from monkey.  This kind of theory and scientific  invention moved away from the faith of people from religion to other sides. 

Imperialism 

Imperialism was expanded in the Victorian Age. Imperialism means a policy of extending a country  power and influence through  colonization.  Asia and Africa were ruled by the force of Imperialism.  We get its description in "Heart of Darkness " (1899)  by Joseph Conrad . In this novel, the dark sides of Imperialism have been described. 

Industrialization 

Industrialization is a feature of the victorian period.  In this era, the industry was expanded by the hand of scientific invention.  Many factories were rapidly created in this age.  Victorian society was attracted by Industrialization.  Industrialization  created social classes like Lower class, middle class, and upper class in society.  All the figures of the victorian era express their opinion about  Industrialization.  Alfred, lord Tennyson  pointed out it in "Locksley Hall." Charles Dickens  pointed out it in "Oliver Twist ", " Hard times " , "A Christmas Carol." 

Excessive Meterialism 

Materialistic outlooking is a feature of the victorian period. In this period, all men were groaning toward collecting wealth. We get its description in contemporary writers writing.  Alfred, lord Tennyson pointed out it in "Locksley Hall." George Eliot  pointed out it in " Silas marner." Charles Dickens pointed out it in "Great Expectations."

Adventurous life

Adventure is a feature of the victorian period.  Adventure means an unusual, exciting, or daring experience.  In this period, all men loved adventure.  We get its description in  Alfred, lord Tennyson  poem , "Ulysses " , Matthew Arnold's poem, " The scholar gypsy" , Lewis Caroll's novel , "Alice's Adventure in wonderland."

Contribution of women in all sectors 

Women position in all sectors is a feature of the victorian period.  In this period, women were active in literature.  They wrote some prominent novels, essays, poems, etc like male figures. According to critics, Charles Dickens is the king of the Victorian novels. But a female novelist surpasses the popularity of Charles Dickens.  Her name is Ellen wood and her famous work is "East Lynn."  She was a very popular figure because of her sensation novel. It means melodramatic representation. 

Domination of novels 

Domination of novels but fluency of poetry is also a feature of the Victorian period.  This age is Dominated by novelist but poets are not less than novelists. According to critics, the  Victorian Age is the age of novels.

Achievement 

The Oxford movement 

This movement took place in the nineteenth century.  It was an outcome of a long controversy and ideological conflict amongst different Christian sects and churches and therefore it may be called a religious movement.  It's name was Oxford movement as it was centered at the University of Oxford that sought a renewal of catholic or Roman catholic, thought and practice within the Church of England in opposition to the protestant tendencies of the church.  This movement is also called Tractarianism movement as it was carried throughout the tracts and pamphlets. The origin of the Oxford movement can be traced to the opposition of the scientific discoveries against age old religious beliefs and faiths. The aim of the movement was to rehabilitate the dignity of the church, to defend the church against the interference of the state, to fight against rationalism.

Thank you 

Charles Dickens as Novelist

 Assignment: Charles Dickens as 

Novelist 

Paper No : 104 literature of the victorian 

Topic : Charles Dickens As Novelist 

Name : Sangita Kantariya 

Roll No: 20

Enrollment No: 4069206420210015

Semester: 01 

Year : 2021-22 

Submitted by: S.B. Gardi 

  Department of English, MKBU 

Introduction  

The victorian age

The victorian age is believed to be from 1850 - 1900 when Victoria became queen in 1837 ; English literature seemed to have entered upon a period of lean years in marked contrast with the poetic fruitfulness of the Romantic age.   victorian age is regarded as a very important period of English literature.  Many writers gave their unique contribution in making this age important. 

 

Salient features 

An era of peace

Conflict between science and Religion 

Material development 

Morality

The revolt 

The new  Education 

International influence  

The Achievement of the age

The victorian era is especially marked because of its rapid progress in all the arts and science and in mechanical invention. This age can be called as the Age of compromise.  In other words, we can say, there was death of agriculture.  Workhouse were getting full as people were in search of job to earn money. 

MAJOR WRITERS OF THE AGE 

ALFRED TENNYSON  (1809-92)

TENNYSON life is a remarkable one in this respect, that from beginning to end he seems to have been dominated by a single impulse, the impulse of poetry.

 poem 

The princess

Dora

The memoriam

Crossing the bar

Plays 

Queen Mary (1875)

Harold (1876)

The falcon (1879)

The cup (1881)

The forester (1892)

ROBERT BROWNING  

He was an English poet and playwright whose mastery of dramatic verse, especially dramatic monologues, made him one of the foremost victorian poets. He is better known today for his shorter poems such as The pied piper of Hamelin and How They Brought the good News from Ghent to Aix. 

Poems 

Parcells

Pauline

Men &women 

The Ring and the book 

CHARLES DICKENS   (1812-70)

 Charles Dickens was the most influential Novelist of this age. More ever he was a social reformer. Dickens is one of our greatest artists.  His many volumes include such works as A Christmas Carol, David Copperfield, Bleak House, A Tale of Tow Cities, Great Expectations, and our Mutual friends. 

Dickens enjoyed a wider popularity during his lifetime than had any previous  author.  His long career saw fluctuations in the reception and sales of individual novels, but none of them was negligible or uncharacteristic or disregarded, and though he is now admired for aspects and phases of his work that were given less weight by his contemporaries, his popularity has never ceased. The range, compassion, and intelligence of his apprehensive of his society and its shortcomings enriched his novels and made him both one of the great forces in 19th century  literature and an influential spokesman of the conscience of his age.

Beginning of a literary career 

Mush drawn to the theater, Dickens nearly become a professional actor in 1832.  In 1833 he began contributing stories and descriptions essays to magazines and newspapers;  these attracted attention and were reprinted as Sketches by "Boz."  The same month, he was invited to provide a comic serial narrative to accompany engravings by a well - known artist; seven weeks later the first installment  of The Pickwick papers appeared. 

Charles Dickens works 

Charles Dickens ĺoved the Gothic Romance of the 18th century.  His writing style was florid, poetic and it had a powerful comic touch. Charles Dickens was famous for his novels  which portrayed the difficult life of the working class and his characters.  The characters like Tiny Tim , Oliver Twist, pip, David Copperfield and many others were so beautiful portrayed as if they really existed. 

Major works  of Charles Dickens like Oliver Twist , Nicholas Nickleby, The old  curiosity Shop and Barnaby Rudge: A TALE of the Riots of Eighty were first written in weekly or monthly installment and were later on printed as books. 

  

A noted philanthropist, he helped raise funds for charities, such as Great Ormond Street and also helped to set up a home for ' fallen women.' Redemption was  an important aspect of Dickens philosophy and he often criticized harsh and punitive punishment, such as solitary confinement.

 

Writing style of Charles Dickens

Charles Dickens is one of the most popular writers in English.  In particular, his novels are brimming with colorful and eccentric characters which leave a lasting impression.  He was a keen and observant writer, incorporating the characters that he met and interacted with in his life, adding a touch of fantasy and exaggeration with his vivid descriptive style.

There are various themes which run throughout his writings. Which often reflects various degrees of his own life stories.  Dickens loved the 'rags to  riches stories ,' exemplified by Oliver Twist and David  Copperfield.  He frequently highlights the worst excesses and social evils of Victorian society and highlighted his views in a wonderfully witty way.

Charles Dickens Death 

On 8th June 1870, Charles suffered another stroke. He died the next day, on 9th June at Gads Hill place. 

Charles had expressed that he should be buried at Rochester cathedral in an inexpensive, unostentatious, and strictly private manner but, was instead buried at poets corner of Westminster Abbey.

Thematic study : pride and prejudice Novel

 Assignment: thematic study of pride and prejudice 

Paper No : 103 literature of the Romantics 

Topic : thematic study of pride and prejudice 

Name : Sangita Kantariya 

Roll No : 20 

Enrollment No : 4069206420210015

Semester : 01

Year :2021-22 

Submitted by: S.B. Gardi 

     Department of English, MKBU 

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE  BY JANE AUSTEN 

Jane Austen 

 Jane Austen was an English novelist known primarily for her six major novels, which interpret, critique and comment upon the  British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century.  Austen's  plots often explore the dependence of women on marriage in the pursuit of  favorable social standing and economic security.  Her works critique the novel's of sensibility of the second half of the 18th century and are part of the transition to 19th century literary realism. 

With the publication of sense and sensibility (1811), pride and prejudice (1813), Mansfield Park (1814) and Emma (1816), she achieved success as a published writer. She wrote two other novels, Northanger Abbey and persuasion, both published posthumously in 1818. Her six full - length novels have rarely been out of print, although they were published anonymously and brought her moderate success and little fame during her lifetime.

Austen has inspired many critical essays and literary anthologies. Her novels have inspired many films, from 1940 pride and prejudice  to more recent productions like  sense and sensibility (1995), Emma (1996), Mansfield Park (1999), pride &prejudice (2005), love &friendship  (2016) , and Emma (2020). Her novels  have also inspired many TV adaptations, including pride & prejudice (1995).

There is little biographical information about Jane Austen life except the few letters that survived and the biographical notes her family members wrote.  During her lifetime, Austen may have written as many as 3,000 letters, but only 161 survived. The heirs of Jane's brother, Admiral Francis Austen, destroyed more letters; details were excised from the " Biographical Notice" her brother wrote in 1818; and family details continued to be omitted or embellishments in her nephew A Memoir of Jane Austen, published in 1869, and in William  and Richard Arthur Austen Leigh's biography Jane Austen: Her life and letters, published in 1913.

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE 

 Pride and prejudice is an 1813 novel of manners written by Jane Austen. Though it is mostly called a romantic novel, it is also a satire. The novel follows the character Development of Elizabeth Bennet, the dynamic protagonist of the book who learns about the repercussions of hasty judgment and comes to appreciate the difference between superficial goodness and actual goodness. 

CHARACTERS 

 ELIZABETH BENNET 

 The second elders of the Bennet daughters, she is attractive , witty and intelligent- but with a tendency to form tenacious and prejudiced first impressions.  As the story progresses, so does her relationship with Mr. Darcy.  The course of Elizabeth and Darcy relationship is ultimately decided when Darcy overcomes his pride, and Elizabeth overcome her prejudice, leading them both to surrender to their love for each other.

Mr. Darcy 

Mr Bingley friend and the wealthy owner of the family estate of Pemberton in Derbyshire.  While he is handsome, tall , and intelligent, Darcy lacks ease and social graces, and so others frequently mistake his initially  haughty reserve as proof of excessive pride.

Mr Bennet 

A logical and reasonable late -middle- aged landed gentleman.  Her five unmarried daughters.  He is often described as 'indolent in the novel. 

Mrs Bennet 

The middle- aged wife of her social superior, Mr Bennet, and the mother of their five daughters.  Mrs Bennet is a hypothetical who imagines herself susceptible to attacks of tremors and palpitations whenever things are not going her way. Her main ambition in life is to marry her daughters off to wealthy men.

THEME OF PRIDE AND PREJUDICE 

MARRIAGE 

 

The opening line of the novel famously announces; "it is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife." This sets marriage as a motif and a problem in the novel. 

Marriage is a complex social activity that takes politics and financial economy into account. The Bennet marriage is an example that the younger Bennet, Lydia, re- enacts with Wickham and the results are far from felicity. Although the central character, Elizabeth and Darcy, begin the novel as hostile acquaintance and unlikely friends, they eventually work toward a better understanding of themselves and each other, which frees them to truly fall in love. 

When Elizabeth rejected Darcy first proposal, the argument of marrying for love is introduced.  Elizabeth only accepts Darcy proposal when she is certain she loves him and her feelings are reciprocated.  Austen's complex sketching of different marriage ultimately allows readers to question what forms of alliance are desirable especially when it comes to privileging economic, sexual, companionable attraction.

WEALTH

Money  plays a fundamental role in the marriage market, for the young Ladies seeking a well off husband and for men who wish to marry a woman of means.  George Wickham tried to elope with Georgiana Darcy, and colonel Fitzwilliam started that he will marry someone with wealth.  Mrs Bennet is frequently seen Encouraging her daughter to marry a wealthy man of high social class. In chapter 1, when Mr Bingley arrives, she declares "I am thinking of his marrying one of them."

In the case of the Bennet family, Mr Collins was to inherit the family estate upon Mr Bennet death and his proposal to Elizabeth would have ensured her security but she refuses his offer.  Inheritance laws benefited males because married women did not have independent legal rights until the second half of the 19th century.  For the upper - middle and aristocratic classes, marriage to a man with a reliable income was almost the only route to security for the woman and the children she was to have. 

CLASS 

Austen might be known now for her "romances" but the marriage in her novels engage with economic and class distinction.  Pride and prejudice is hardly the exception. When Darcy proposes to Elizabeth, he cites their economic and social differences as an obstacle his excessive love has had social differences as an obstacle his excessive love has had to overcome, though he still anxiously harps on the problems it poses for him within his social circle.  However, as the novel closes, " though curiosity to see how his wife conducted herself," Lady Catherine condescends to visit them at Pemberley. 

The Bingley present a particular problem for navigation class.  Though Caroline Bingley and Mrs Hurst behave and speak of others as if they have always belonged in the upper echelons of society, Austen makes it clear that the Bingley fortunes stem from trade.  Bingley, unlike Darcy, does not own his property but has portable and growing wealth that makes him a good catch on the marriage market for poorer daughters of the gentry, like Jane Bennet, or of ambitious merchants. Class plays a central role in the evolution of the characters and Jane Austen radical approach to class is seen as the plot unfolds.

SELF - KNOWLEDGE 

Through their interaction and their critiques of each other, Darcy and Elizabeth come to recognize their faults and work to correct them.  Other characters rarely exhibit this depth of understanding or at least are not given the space within the novel for this sort of development.  Mrs Bennet behaviour reflects the society in which she lives, as she knows that her daughter will not succeed if they do not get married. "The business of her life was to get her daughter married: it's solace was visiting and news." This show that Mrs Bennet is only aware of "material objects " and not of her feelings and emotions. 

LOVE 

pride and prejudice contains one of the most cherished love stories in English literature : the courtship between Darcy and Elizabeth.  As in any good love story, the lovers must elude and overcome numerous stumbling blocks, beginning with the tensions caused by the lovers own personal qualities.   Elizabeth pride makes her misjudged Darcy on the basis of a poor first impression, while Darcy' s prejudice against Elizabeth poor social standing blinds him , for a time, to her many virtues. 

Austen does sound some more realist notes about love, using the character of Charlotte Lucas, who marries the buffoon Mr. Collins for his money, to demonstrate that the heart does not always dictate marriage.  Austen suggests that true love is a force separate from society and one that can conquer even the most difficult of circumstances.

REPUTATION 

 

Pride and prejudice depicts a society in which a woman's reputation is of the utmost importance A woman is expected to behave in certain ways. This theme appears in the novel, when Elizabeth walks to Netherfield and arrives with muddy skirts,  to the shock of the reputation  conscious Miss Bingley and her friends.  

Austen pokes gentle fun at the snobs in these example, but later in the novel, when Lydia elope with Wickham and lives with him out of wedlock,  the author treats reputation as a very serious matter. The happy ending of pride and prejudice is certainly emotionally satisfying , but in many ways  it leaves the theme of reputation, unexpired. One can ask of pride and prejudice, to what extent does it critique social structures, and to what extent dose it simply accept their inevitability?

Thank you 

ANDREW MARVELL POEM 'TO HIS COY MISTRESS '

 ASSIGNMENT : Andrew marvell poem 'To His Coy Mistress'

Paper No : 101 literature of the Elizabethan and Restoration period 

Topic: Andrew marvell poem  'To His Coy Mistress '

Name : Sangita Kantariya 

Roll No : 20

Enrollment No : 4069206420210015

Semester : 01

Year : 2021-22 

Submitted by : S.B.  Gardi 

     Department of English, MKBU 

ANDREW MARVELL 

Andrew marvell was an English metaphysical poet, satirist and political who sat in the House of commons  at various times between 1659 and 1678.  During the Commonwealth period he was a colleague and friend of John milton.  His poems range from the love -song "TO His Coy Mistress ," TO evocation of an aristocratic country house and garden in "Upon Appleton House " and "The Garden," The political address "An Horation ode Upon Cromwell Return from lreland,"  and the later personal and political satires "Flecknoe " and "The character of Holland." 

EARLY LIFE 

Marvell was the son of a church of England clergyman also  named Andrew marvell.  A secondary school in the city, the Andrew Marvell Business and Enterprise college, is named after him. At the age of 13, Marvell attended  Trinity college, Cambridge  and eventually received a BA degree.   Afterwards, from the middle of 1642 onwards, Marvell probably travelled in continental Europe.  It is not known exactly where his travels took him except that Milton later reported that Marvell had mastered four languages, including French,  ltalian and Spanish. 

FIRST POEMS 

Marvell first poems, which were written in Latin and Greek and published when he was still at Cambridge, lamented a visitation of the plague and celebrated the birth of a child to king  Charles 1 and queen Henrietta Maria.  Probably the best - known poem he wrote at this time is  "TO His Coy Mistress."

"TO His Coy Mistress," Marvell most celebrated poem, combines an old poetic conceit with Marvell typically vibrant imagery and easy command of rhyming couplet.  Other works incorporate topical satire and religions themes.

'To His Coy Mistress ' as metaphysical poetry 

A group of poet emerged in the second half of 16th century.  Whose poetry is identify as the 'metaphysical poetry.' 

What is metaphysical poetry 

The metaphysical poetry General features/ characteristics 

A group of poet emerged in the second half of 16th century.  Whose poetry is identify as the 'metaphysical poetry.' It was Dr. Samuel Johnson a classicist of the poetry of donne and his school.  As the metaphysical poetry Johnson use this life of Abraham Cowley in his biographical work with the title 'Lives of the most Eminent English poets (1779-81).'  Dr. Johnson want to criticize the poetry of donne and his followers by used the term "metaphysical poetry." But  with passing off time the same term become the term of a appraisal for there poetry. Dr. Johnson has pass one remarkable comment start that poetry of metaphysical poet stood a trial of their finger but failed in trial of the ears.  What  Dr. Johnson says  that there is not musical and Rhymes in there poetry. 

The metaphysical poetry that John  Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Andrew marvel, made a conscientious attempt to differ from others  and particularly from the previous poets so that there poetry me be noticed by the readers.  One critic's Helen c. White  mentions that,  

"It was a demand of time for the metaphysical poets to differ from the poets of previous age. Had they continued writing poetry in the same manner, just like the former poets they would have been rejected by the readers. " 

Due, to new learning and reformation of the Elizabethan age the  intellectual of the reader had gone upward and so metaphysical poet to be intellectual in the written of their poetry. 

The best was for the metaphysical to differ form the previous poets and to be intellectual in the writing of their poetry was to use far factual images and concepts their tried  to avoid use images from those fields which where thickly associated with the theme of their poetry. 

In order to experience either love or their fame Christianity the bought their imagies for differnt field just like, biological,  architecture, agricultural, geometry, geography, and even political science.  This give unique identity to their poetry a number example can be given about how they brought images form distant remot fields the first example is of John Donne made use of a biological image  _  The flea  for the expression love in has poem  the title of poem is 'The Flea.' George Herbert made use of an image form the fields of mechanical engineering for the expression of faith in Christianity the example is a poem with title 'The Pulley ' is an image of mechanical engineering but in this poem that image is used state that recentness also pulley which gives a consciousness contact between the creator the  creation.  Andrew marvell made use of geometry images for the expression of love the example is "TO His Coy Mistress "  in brief all the metaphysical poet made extensive  uses of far factual images in their poetry. 

To His Coy Mistress 

"TO His Coy Mistress " is a poem by the English poet Andrew marvell.  Most likely written in the 1650s in the midst of the English interregnum, the poem was not published  until the 1680, after Marvel's death. "TO His Coy Mistress " is a Carpe diem poem : following the example of Roman poets like Horace, it urges a young woman to enjoy the pleasures of life before death claims her.   Indeed, the poem is an attempt to seduce the titular "Coy Mistress."  In the process, however, the speaker dwells with grotesque intensity on death itself.  Death seems to take over the poem,  displacing the speaker erotic energy and filling the poem with dread.

"To His Coy Mistress " THEMES 

Love and Death

"TO His Coy Mistress " is a love poem : it celebrates beauty, youth, and sexual pleasure.  However, the speaker of the poem is haunted by mortality.  Though he imagines a luxuriously slow love that takes thousands of years to reach consummation, he knows such a thing is impossible: he will die before it can be accomplished.  Death cannot be delayed or defeated; the only response to death, according to the speaker, is to enjoy as much pleasure as possible before it comes. He urges the woman he loves not to wait, to enjoy the pleasure of life without restraint.  The poem draws a contrast between two kinds of love : the full , rich love that would be possible if everyone lived forever, and the rushed, panicked love that mortal beings are forced to enjoy. 

The first stanza of the poem poses a question and explores a hypothetical world : what would  love be like if humans had infinite time to love?  In response, the speaker imagines a world  of unlimited pleasure. 

The speaker has no question about  whether his Mistress deserves this long courtship, but he does have qualms about its viability.  He is, he notes at the start of stanza 2, always  conscious of the passage of time  - and thus of the fact that both he and his Mistress will eventually die. Stanza 2 diverges from the beautiful dream of  stanza 1, reflecting Instead on the pressing, inescapable threat of death. 

In the final stanza of the poem, the speaker finally announced his core argument: since  death is coming  - and since it will strip away the pleasure of the flesh  his Mistress should agree to have sex with him soon. What's more, he imagines that their erotic "sport" will offer compensation for the pain and sufferings of life.

The Rush of  Time 

The main theme of  'To His Coy Mistress'  is The transients  of life, expressed thought a sense of time pursuing us and propelling us in to the grave before we have achieved fulfillment.  Marvell tempo and language become more and more urgent as the poem proceeds. The poet is prepared to fight rather more vigorously than his Elizabethan predecessors, however.  Sometimes can be won back from time, but it has to be seized by sheer will power. 

 Symbolism in the To His Coy Mistress poem 

The author uses the symbol of time and the passing of time in many instances to represent the fact that time is wasting away and that they need to 'seize the day' so to speak.  Several objects and phrases point to this : "A hundred years should go to praise Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze; Two hundred to adore each breast, But thirty thousand to the rest ; An age at least to every part." These lines symbolize the lack of time the lover has to show his Mistress the love she is worthy of , then later,  'winged chariot hurrying near' is a symbol of the passing of days.

"TO His Coy Mistress " is a metaphysical poem in which the speaker attempt to persuade his resistant lover that they should have sexual intercourse.  He explained that if they had all the time in the world, he would have no problem with their relationship moving this slowly.  "To His Coy Mistress " is a love poem : it celebrates beauty, youth, and sexual pleasure.  However, the speaker of the poem is haunted by mortality.  Marvell ends with another reference to Apollo, concluding, " Thus, though we cannot make our sun stand still, yet we will make him run." They cannot stop time, but they use it in a way that will leave them victorian.   Betsey, Catherine. 

Thank you 

SAMUEL RICHARDSON AS NOVELIST

  ASSIGNMENT :  SAMUEL RICHARDSON AS NOVELIST 

Paper No :102

   Literature of the Neoclassical Age

Topic: write a note on Samuel Richardson AS Novelist. 

Name : Sangita Kantariya 

Roll No : 20

Enrollment No :4069206420210015

Semester: 01

Year : 2021-22

Submitted by : S.B. Gardi 

Department of English, MKBU 

SAMUEL RICHARDSON AS NOVELIST 

 

SAMUEL RICHARDSON was an English writer and printer best known for three epistolary novels: Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded (1740), Clarissa: or the  History of young Lady  (1748) and The History of sir Charles Grandison (1753). He printed almost 500 works in his life, including journals and magazines. He wrote his first novel at the age of 51 and immediately joined the admired writers of his day. 

SAMUEL RICHARDSON EARLY  LIFE 

Richardson probably  born in 1689in England. According to Richardson his mother was also a good woman. In describing his father's occupation, Richardson stated that "he was a good draughtsman and understood architecture." Richardson was educated at Christ's Hospital grammar school.  The  Richardson received very little education, but he had a natural talent for writing letters. After his writing ability was known, he began to help others in the community write letters.  The elder Richardson originally wanted his son to become a clergyman, but he was not able to afford the education that the younger Richardson would require, so he let his son pick his own profession. He selected the profession of printing because he hoped to "gratify a thirst for reading, which , in after years, he disclaimed." At the age of 17, in 1706, Richardson was bound in seven-year apprenticeship under John wilde as a printer.

By 1715 he had become a freeman of the statiner's company and citizen of London, and six or seven years after the expiration of his apprenticeship set up his own business as a printer, eventually settling in Salisbury Court.

In 1721 Richardson marriage Martha wilde, the daughter of his former employer. His wife died on 1731. Richardson remarried.  Richardson‘s  personal life has always been marked by literary critics as particularly grim; few writers  experienced quite as much death and private sorrow as Richardson, and no doubt these experiences influenced the somewhat somber tone of his later writings. 

In 1733, Richardson was granted a contract with the House of commons,  with help from Onslow, to print the journals of the House. 

FIRST NOVEL 

During his time printing the Daily journal, he was also printer to the "society for the Encouragement of learning." Richardson made the transition from master printer to novelist on 6 November 1740 with the publication of  Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded. He expanded the dramatic possibilities of the novel by his invention and use of the letter from. 

In 1733 Richardson wrote The Apprentice's Vade Mecum, urging young men to be diligent and self  denyind.  Written in response to the "epidemic Evils of the present Age," The text is best known for its condemnation of popular forms of entertainment including theaters, taverns, and gambling. The manual targets the apprentice as the focal point for the moral improvement of society, not because he is most susceptible to vice,  but because, Richardson suggests, he is more responsive to moral improvement than his social betters.

During these years Richardson began, ever so modestly, to write fiction and essays. At some point in the 1730s he was commissioned to write a sequence of fictional letters, a form relatively  popular among serial  publications in its time. This collection has become known as familiar letters on important occasions.  During  this time it is apparent, as Richardson‘s  notebooks state, that he began to envision the possibility of writing a novel in the form of a sequence of letters.  Utilizing a true story he had heard elsewhere as the basis of his plot, Richardson  began to write his novel Pamela in the winter of 1739, and the novel was published a year later, when Richardson was 50 years old.

EPISTOLARY NOVELS 

An epistolary novel is a novel written as a series of documents.  The usual form is letters, although diary entries, newspapers clippings and other  documents are sometimes used. The word epistolary is derived from Latin from the Greek word, meaning a letter.  Epistolary fiction may be monologic in which the story is told exclusively through journal entries or letters of the main characters,thus representing their point of view.  Epistolary writing may also be dialogic or polylogic  consisting of a series of letters or other correspondence between two or more characters, in which multiple points of view are represented through an array of documents. 

Prominent example of novel in the epistolary style include :

Pamela : or, Virtue Rewarded by samule Richardson (1740)

Clarissa by samule Richardson (1748)

Evelina by Fanny Burney (1778)

Frankenstein by Mary Shelley (1823)

Lady Susan by Jane Austen (1871)

PAMELA: OR VIRTUE REWARDED 

Pamela : or Virtue Rewarded, an endless series of latter's telling of the trials, tribulations, and the Final happy marriage of a too sweet young maiden, published in four volume extending over the years 1740-1741. 

While preparing this Volume, a small sequence of letters from a young Lady asking her father's counsel when endangered by her master's advances, entranced him . His enthrallment resulted in a shift in his work. The result was the tone Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded.  The book has been subject to Much inquiry.  One such question critics ask is if the main character, Pamela Andrew's is truly Virtuous or a convincing hypocrite.   By understanding the character of Pamela, one must conclude Pamela is a truly Virtuous young Lady. 

 

Comparison characteristics of "Evelina " and "Pamela"

Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded  referred to in "learning to be female" as "conduct-of-life " literature.  The story letters tell the tale of Pamela Andrew's a servant in the household of Lady Booby. The novel consist of a funny cat-and- mouse tale of Mr. B'S unrequited love  for Pamela, and Pamela cleverly escaping his grasp  in order to save her Virtue. 

It was not only the upper -class that took issue with Pamela, but some of RICHARDSON'S  contemporaries did as well. Most notably, Henry Fielding wrote the novella AN APOLOGY FOR THE LIFE OF MRS. SHAMELA ANDREW'S, often simply called SHAMELA as a direct attack and satire of Richardson popular novel.

Evelina ; or, The History of a Young Girls  Entrance into the world was written by Frances Burney and was published in 1778. Also written in epistolary form, this novel centers around Evelina Annville, a young woman being brought up by Reverend villas after the death of her mother and her father rejection. Unlike Samuel Richardson, Burney did not face as much criticism for Evelina. Both of these stories, although unlike  in plot, have many similarities.  Even before delving into the text itself, there are many similarities in Pamela and Evelina. Pamela and Evelina were well- received and widely read. In addition to these surfaces issues, there are also some apparent  thematic similarities. 

Pamela ; or, Virtue Rewarded and Evelina; or, The History of a Young Lady's Entrance into the World are both eighteenth century novels, written in similar styles and containing similar themes, though there are some differences in the characterization of Pamela and Evelina, as well as many differences in plot. 

CLARISSA; OR , THE HISTORY OF A YOUNG LADY 

CLARISSA, in full clarissa ; or, The History of a Young Lady, epistolary novel by samule Richardson, published in 1747 - 48. Among the longest English novels ever written, the book has secured a place in literary history for its tremendous psychological insight.  Written in the then fashionable epistolary form, it's main body consists of the letters of clarissa Harlowe and her seduce,Lovelace.

Clarissa, a young woman who expects to marry well, is gravely disappointed by her parents choice of  suitor. The extremely wealthy, though ugly, solves is not clarissa idea of a good match. Instead she is drawn to a man who is as dashing and fashionable as he is lacking in moral character. He casts himself as Clarissa rescuer from her off to the apparent safety and anonymity of london. 

The novel's seeming narrative simplicity is not its strengths; it is the sometimes devastating psychological insight that Richardson achieves that is its real Forte. 

RICHARDSON CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOVEL IN ENGLISH 

Some critics have considered Samuel Richardson the farther of the novel. George saintsbury declared Pamela the first novel in history, asking rhetorically, "where are we to find a probable human being, worked out to the same degree, before?" Richardson did not invent the form of long fiction, but he did innovate the combination of psychological realism and amplitude of concrete detail that is the special province of the genre of the novel. 

In other words, Pamela  inaugurated a whole tradition in the English novel whereby readers know  the characters directly through the circumstances of their comparatively unfiltered lives, rather than learning of the second hand through an omniscient narrator.  

The novel's use of "narrative skill" to "re -create the pseudo -realism of the daydream, to give an air of authenticity to a triumph against all obstacles and contrary  to expectation,"  amounts simply to a more insidious version of the Cinderella fantasy, an application of literary realism that  teaches the infusion of marital aspirations with fairy -tale patterns of social elevation. Whether or not one chooses to accept watts moral judgment of this tendency of  the English novel, it is a tendency that undoubtedly bears the impress of Richardson and of Pamela. 

Thank you 

Metaphysical poetry

 The metaphysical poetry 

General features /characteristics 

A group of poet emerged in the second half of 16th century.  Whose poetry is identify as the 'metaphysical poetry.' It was Dr. Samuel Johnson a classicist of the Neoclassical Age.  Who made the poetry of donne and his school. As the metaphysical poetry Johnson use this term wild written about the life of Abraham Cowley  in his biographical work with the title 'Lives of the most eminent  English poets' (1779-81).  Dr. Johnson want to criticize the poetry of Donne and his followers by used the term 'metaphysical poetry. ' But with passing off time the same term become the term of a appraisal for there poetry.  Dr. Jonson's has pass one remarkable comment start that poetry of metaphysical poet stood a trial of their finger but failed in trial of the ears. What Dr. Johnson says that there is not musical and rhymes in there poetry. 

The  metaphysical poetry that John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, Andrew marvel, made a conscientious attempt to army form the previous poets so that there poetry me be noticed by the readers.  One critic's Helen c. White mentions that, 

 "It was a demand of time for the metaphysical poets to differ from the poets of previous age. Had they continued writing poetry in the same manner, just like the former poets they would have been rejected by the readers. "

Due, to new learning and reformation of the Elizabethan age. The intellectual of the reader had gone upward and so metaphysical poet to be intellectual in the written of their poetry. 

The best was for the metaphysical to differ from the pervious poet and to be intellectual in the writing of their poetry was to use far factual images and concepts their tried to avoid use images from those fields which where thickly associated with the theme of their poetry. 

In order to experience either love or their fame Christianity the bought their imagies for differ fields just like, biological, architecture, agricultural, geometry, geography, and even political science. This gives unique identity to their poetry a number example can be given about  how they brought images form distant remot fields the first example is of John Donne made use of a biological image_ The flea foe the experience love in has poem the title of poem is 'The Flea.' George Herbert made use of an image form the fields of mechanical engineering for the expression of faith in Christianity the example is a poem with title 'The Pulley' is an image of mechanical engineering but in this poem that image is used state that recentness also pulley which gives a consciousness contact between the creator the creation. Andrew marvel made use of geometrical images for the expression of love the example is 'To His Coy Mistress ' in beirf all the metaphysical poet made extensive uses of far factual images in their poetry. 

Highlight one remarkable feature of the metaphysical poetry but Johnson stay that their poetry stood a trial of their finger but not of the ears that means there is no music in the poetry which the wrote there is no rhythm to be found in the poetry of the metaphysical poet.

Hard time : for these times

Hard time : for these times 

               Charles Dickens 

This blog related to the blog task based on the victorian literature. "HARD TIME :FOR THESE TIMES" by CHARLES DICKENS.

WRIGHT 

Charles Dickens  is the most popular novelist of the victorian era, he has written  most of his works  as a series in magazines, and he also worked  on the post of manager in editor's office.  He was very famous  because  of his narrative  style, which  always  reflects  the real  facts of society. Dickens is among  those writers  who have faced the harshness of society, the evil side of progress and modernism.

NARRATIVE STYLE OF DICKENS 

The narration of Dickens is most of the times  in first person narration. In a very interesting way he projects the character in such situations.  By Reading his most of the works we come to know  that he has a great knowledge of society  and how evils of society  is connected with each person  who lives in society. 

If we take a look of various characters of Dickens's novels, the characters  are two types, first is very innocent  as Oliver and the other  one is like devilish or we can say horrible like facing and Bill Sykes.  We find them very promoting, they promotes their own times, their  own era but not good elements, we can say for character and narration  of Dickens that,

 " they starts  with defects and ends  with perfection "

HARD TIME: FOR THESE TIMES 

Hard times is the TENTH novel by Charles Dickens, first  published in 1854. Hard times is unusual  in several ways.  In stead the story is set in the fictitious  victorian industrial  coketown, a generic Northen English mill- town, in some ways  Similar  to Manchester, though  smaller.  Coketown may be partially based  on 19th century. 

Major theme of hard time 

Utilitarianism 

The Utilitarianism  were one of the target of Dickens satire.

Utilitarianism  was a prevalent school of thought  during  this period, it's founders  being Jeremy Benthan and James mill, father to political theorist John Stuart mill.

In the novel Hard times, Charles Dickens connives a theme of Utilitarianism, along with education and industrialization. 

Utilitarianism is the belief that   something is morally right if it helps a majority of people. It is a principle involving nothing  but facts and leaves no room for creativity or imagination.  Dickens provides simplicity examples of this Utilitarianism in hard times by using Mr. Thomas Gradgrind, one of the main characters in the book,  who has a hard belief in Utilitarianism.  Thomas Gradgrind is so into his philosophy of rationality and facts that he has forced this belief into his children and as well as his young students.  Mr.josiah Bounderby, Thomas Gradgrind best friend, also studied Utilitarianism, but he was more interested in power and money than in facts. Dickens uses Cecelia jupe, daughter of a circus clown, who is the complete  opposite of THOMAS Gradgrind to provide a great contract of a Utilitarian belief. 

In this novel  Dickens show how Thomas Gradgrind uses a Utilitarian mindset to force facts in the minds of young children.  

   "Stick to facts"

Thank you for visiting my blog. 

PAMELA, OR VIRTUE REWARDED

 PAMELA, OR VIRTUE REWARDED- SAMUEL RICHARDSON 

  

       Pamela, or virtue rewarded 

 This blog is a response to the blog task given to us by Vaidehi Haryani ma'am  as a classwork.  In this blog  I am going  to  explain the poem "PAMELA, OR VIRTUE REWARDED."

AUTHOR 

SAMUEL RICHARDSON 

"Where words are restricted, the eyes often  talk a great  deal." 

Samuel Richardson was an 18th century  English writer and printer.  He received  very  little education and not go beyond English.  He was an established printer and published  for most of his life and printed almost  500 different  works, including journals and magazines.  Richardson was a skilled letter writer  and his talent  is traced back to his childhood. During  the 1730 his press became known  as one of the three  best in London.  His name was on a list established by the pope containing the names of book that catholic were not allowed  to read.  He married his employer's daughter but lost her with all their children then, he remarried, buy only four  out of their six children  survived. He died age of 71.

SAMUEL RICHARDSON CONTRIBUTION OF ENGLISH LITERATURE 

He expanded the dramatic  possibilities of the novel by his invention and use of the latter  form, known  as the epistolary  style.  He established  the novel  as we know it: a long prose narrative concerned with the actual world  and the men and  women  who inhabit it. He Created the novel of character.  

WHAT IS EPISTOLARY NOVEL 

Epistolary novel; that is, novels written as series of latter's- were extremely popular during the 18th century and it was RICHARDSON'S   'PAMELA ' 

PAMELA, OR VIRTUE REWARDED 

Pamela, or virtue rewarded, an endless series of latter's  telling of the trials, tribulations, and the Final happy marriage  of a too sweet young maiden, published  in four  volume extending over the years 1740-1741. It's  success  at the time was enormous, and Richardson  began  another  series  of latter's Which occupied his leisure  hours for next six years. 

Pamela tells the story  of a fifteen  year old maidservant name PAMELA Andrew's, whose  employer, MR. B, a wealthy landowner, makes unwanted  and inappropriate  advances towards her after  the death of her mother.  The full title, Pamela;or,  virtue rewarded, makes plain Richardson  moral purpose.  A best  seller of its time, Pamela was widely  read but was also criticised for its perceived licentiousness and disregard  for class barriers. The action of the  novel is told through letters and journals  entries from Pamela to her parents.  Richardson  highlights  a theme of naivety, illustrated through the eyes of Pamela. 

Richardson chose the epistolary  form because  of its immediacy. The first  person  voice  of someone  in the throes of the expression does draw in the reader, and happily plunged into the story.  Unfortunately, Pamela's  voice  did not interest  me for very long. I soon began  to find her endless  complaining tiresome and her infinite  perfection quite irritating.  Of course, she is writing to her parents, so it is natural  to relay compliments  that she has received, knowing  that they would  enjoy  hearing praise of her, but she goes on at such length about  how  everyone finds  her so remarkable, so good, so smart, so beautiful, that it's hard not to think and so vain.

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

 Romantic poetry- The Rime of the   ancient  mariner

  This blog is in response to the  blog task  based on the romantic poems. In this blog task.  I am sharing my views  about the poem "THE RIME  OF THE ANCIENT MARINER." 

 AEG OF ROMANTICISM 

The age of Romanticism  is known as a  second creative period of English literature.  Romanticism  age called as  "the age of revolution." For the French revolution  and the American  commonwealth, as well as the establishment  of  a true democracy  in England  by the reform bill. Literature  developed a new creative  spirit, which  shows  it self in the poetry of  wordsworth, coleridge, byron, Shelley, Keats,  and in the prose of Scott, Jane austen, lamb, and De quincey. 

THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER 

This  poem written by  SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE.  

"A grief without a pang, void, dark and drear, A stifled, drowsy, unimpassioned grief, which  finds no natural  outlet, no relief, In word, or sigh , or tear."

In the wonderful "ode to Dejection," from which the above  fragment is  taken, we have a single strong impression  of coleridge's  whole life. The  works of coleridge  naturally divide themselves  into three classes, - the poetic, the critical, and the philosophical, corresponding to the early , the middle, and the later periods of his career. His early poems show the influence  of Gray and Blake, especially  of the latter.  When  coleridge  begins  his " Day Dream" with  the line,

" My eyes make pictures  when they are shut," 

We recall instantly Blake's haunting  songs of Innocence. Strong suggestions of Blake can be seen such poetry  like "A Day Dreamer", " The Devil's Thought ", " The suicide's Argument."

His later poems  there is his imagination  with thoughts  and study, as it could  be noticed  in "Kubla Khan," " christabel," and "The Rime of the ancient mariner."

"THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER " is coleridge  chief contribution  to the  LYRICAL BALLADS of 1798, and is one of the world's  masterpieces. This poem is longest poem written  in 1797-98 and published in 1798 in the first  edition of  lyrical Ballads. 

" The Rime of the ancient mariner " is a narrative  poem in which a mariner  tells a wedding  guest about a harrowing  voyage he once endured.  This poem written in  seven parts.

It's got awesome  adventures, horror, and mystery.  It's  also got a famous  little quote  embedded in there: " water, water, everywhere, nor any drop to drink.'   That's  from 'The  Rime of the ancient mariner.'  It's  basically  just a reference  to the fact that there's  lots of salt water  around  but you can't  drink  any of it because  it will make you die faster than if you just don't  anything at drink. 

Thank you for visiting my blog.  I hope this blog useful to understand the poem.

Word : 456

A TALE OF A TUB

A TALE OF A TUB BY JONATHAN SWIFT 

 Q: EXPLAIN THE SYMBOLS  LIKE COATS, WILL, THREE BROTHERS ETC. WITH THE REFERENCE  TO THE TALE IN "A TALE OF A TUB". 

This blog is in response  to the blog task based on the  ' A TALE OF A TUB' by  Jonathan swift. 

A TALE OF A TUB  was the first  major work written  by Jonathan swift, arguably his most difficult  satire and perhaps his most masterly.  Composed between 1694 and 1697, it was eventually  published in 1704. 

                

     
 
  SYMBOLS  

THE THREE COATS 

 The three brothers' coats  are the central  symbol  of  A TALE OF A TUB.   Outwardly plain and simple,  the coats are the brothers  sole inheritance from their father,  who promises that  they will  last for a lifetime it cared for properly.  In this will,  he warns them against  altering the coats in any way. These coats represent   the practices of Christianity  as originally  revealed and  commanded by God  and as stipulated in the Bible.  The  brothers  initially do a good  job  of sticking to the rules laid down by the will.

The individual  alterations  represent the different  ways in  which Christianity, in swift's view,  devoted from the practices and beliefs given in the Bible. The "flame - colored  satin"  that makes up the coats ' lining, for instance, represent  the concept of purgatory, regarded in the catholic  tradition  as a place of purification  for souls not yet worthy  of heaven but not condemned to hell.  The "Indian  figures "  embroidered on the coats are the  statues and stained -glass images  present  in many catholic churches, which swift  saw as incompatible with the Bible's  warning against  graven images.  

Midway through the main narrative, however, Martin and Jack undergo a change of heart  when a breach  erupts between them and Peter.  By showing how the brothers  react  to this disagreement,  swift  praises or criticized the England of his day. Peter, who represents  catholicism, sticks to those  extravagance and even multiplies them; he  deliberately avoids consulting the will to see whether he is going  astray. Martin, named after Martin Luther, represent the moderate protestant tradition.  

Jack, in contrast, rips away  every shred of embroidery  and fringe, tearing up the original  underlying  fabric in the process.  His brand of reform, which swift identifies with the dissenters, is aggressive  , destructive, and haphazard. He is a reactionary anti - catholic rather  than a Christian in his own right. 

THE  FATHER'S  WILL

 The father's  will represents the Bible, which swift  regards as Christianity's  fundamental  instruction manual. Swift paramount claim in A TALE OF A TUB is that the Bible should be consulted for basic,  immutable guidance on all church  matters. In their youth, the three brothers  exemplify  this kind of Christianity.  The more closely the brothers adhere to the prescription of the will, the happier  they seem to be and the more peaceful their conscience are.

All three brothers  start off faithfully  following the will, but they are gradually corrupted by outside  influence.  Peter, the most scholarly of the brothers, undergoes great  intellectual  contortions  to avoid  the documents  clear restrictions. In addition  to the "toilet liters " episode above, he declares that certain premises must be added to the will or else "multiple absurdity sequerentur."   

Swift 's stance seems  to be that the Bible is the ultimate  authority  on church  doctrine and discipline  but that it is fish to see it as a substitute  for all earthly wisdom.

VAPOR /WIND 

In the story, vapor represent  the true essence of a person. It is what the Aeolist priests  belch out into the air in order  to share their ideas with each other. This is how the philosopher  teach their students.  They look on their  bodies as vessels, and swift notes that in this case, that is true, as they are the vessels for this vapor that they emit as knowledge.  Everybody  has this vapor, which might  be cared the core of a person - their soul.   Using satire, swift turns this concept on its head by depicting the religious figures as expelling  flatulence  in to  the months of their followers,  ththereb"passing" their essence. 

THE TUB

The tub represent the diversion that sailors  would  throw out so that whales would  not overturn their ships.  Here, swift  suggests  that the whale is representative  of "Hobbes's  leviathan, which tosses and plays with all other  schemes of religion  and government." In thid case, the whale is trying  to destroy the steady ship of government  and religion, and those in power  are throwing  out a diversion, but the whale keeps coming. Although  "A TALE OF A TUB " within the text would seem to be a diversion , it is designed as a commentary on the state of religion and government in England. 

"Book ... have no more than one way of coming into the world, but there are ten thousand to go out ... and return no more." 

                       - Narrator