Puritanism, begun in England in the 17th century, it was a radical protestant movement to reform the church of England. The 17th century upto 1660 was dominated by Puritanism and it may be called PURITAN AGE or THE AGE OF MILTON, who was the noblest representative of the PURITAN spirit. The puritan movement in literature may be considered as the second and greater Renaissance marked by the rebirth of the moral nature of man.
PROMINENT WRIGHT OF THE AGE
ANNE BRADSTREET
Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) was the most prominent of early English poets of North America and first writer in England's North America colonies to be published. She is first puritan figure in America literature and Notable for her large corpus of poetry, as well as personal writings published posthumously.
Bradstreet was a raed scholar especially affected by the works of du Bartas. She was married at sixteen, and her parents and young family migrated at the time of the founding of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. Bradstreet wrote poetry in addition to her other duties. Her early works read in the style of Du Bartas, but her later writings develop into her unique style of poetry which centers on her role as a mother, her struggles with the sufferings of life, and her puritan faith. Her first collection, THE TENTH MUSE LATELY SPRUNG UP IN AMERICA, was widely read in America and England.
BACKGROUND
In a portrait that was painted by her later poems, Bradstreet is described as 'an educated English woman, a kind, loving wife, devoted mother, empress consort of Massachusetts, a questing puritan and a sensitive poet.'
LIFE
ANNE was born in England,1612, the daughter of THOMAS DUDLEY. Due to her family's position, she grew up in cultured circumstances and was a well educated woman for her time , being tutored in history, several languages, and literature. At the age of sixteen she married SIMON BRADSTREET.
In 1632, Anne had her first child, Samuel, in newe Towne, as it was then called. Despite poor health, she had eight children and achieved a comfortable social standing. They never lived in what is now known as "Andover" to the south. In October 1997, the Harvard community dedicated a gate in memory of her as America's first published poet. The Bradstreet gate is located next to canaday hall, the newest dormitory in Harvard yard.
In 1650, Rev. John Woodbridge had THE TENTH MUSE LATELY SPRUNG UP IN AMERICA composed by "a gentleman from those parts" published in London, making Anne the first female poet ever published. In the fall of 2018, the Anne Bradstreet early childhood center was opened near Massachusetts Avenue in North Andover. Housing both preschool and kindergarten, the Anne Bradstreet ECC replaced the aged building named for her that had been on main Street.
WRITINGS
Anne Bradstreet education gave her advantage that allowed her to write with authority about politics, history, medicine, and theology. At first, she reject the anger and grief that this worldly tragedy has caused her; she looks toward God and the assurance of heaven as consolation, saying:
And when I could no longer look,
I blest his grace that gave and took,
That laid my goods now in the dust.
Yea, so it was, and so 'twas just.
It was his own; it was not mine.
Far be it that I should refine.
However, in opposition to her puritan ways, she also shows her human side, expressing the pain this event had caused her, that is until the poem comes to its end;
Farewell my pelf; Farewell my store.
The world no longer let me love
My hope, and treasure lies above.
As a younger poet, Bradstreet wrote five quaternions, epic poem of four parts each that explore the diverse yet complementary nature's of their subjects. Bradstreet work was deeply influenced by the poet GUILLAUME DE SALLUSTE DU BARTAS, who was favored by 17th century readers.
Anne's first work was published in London as THE TENTH MUSE LATELY SPRUNG UP IN AMERICA By a Gentleman of those parts.
In 1678 her self-revised SEVERAL POEMS COMPILED WITH GREAT VARIETY OF WIT AND LEARNING was posthumously published in America, and included one of her most famous poems, "TO MY DEAR AND LOVING HUSBAND."
ROLE OF WOMEN
Married played a large role in the lives of puritan woman. In Bradstreet poem," TO MY DEAR AND LOVING HUSBAND," she reveals that she is one with her husband. The puritans believed marriage to be a gift from God. The fact that Bradstreet believes that God will grant her husband a new wife if she dies shows how much puritan women believed in marriage.
The primary roles of women in puritan society were to be wives and mothers and provide the family with their everyday needs. Women were expected to make clothing for the family, cook meals, keep the household clean, and teach the children how to live a puritan lifestyle. Various works of Bradstreet are dedicated to her children. In works such as "BEFORE THE BIRTH OF ONE OF HER CHILDREN." In puritan society, children were also gifts from God, and she loved and cared for all of her children just as the loved and cared for her husband. She always believes they too are bound with her to make "one."
RECEPTION
Because writing was not considered to be an acceptable role for women at the time, Bradstreet was met with criticism. One of the most prominent figures of her time, JOHN WINTHROP, criticized Ann Hopkins, with of prominent Connecticut Colony governor Edward Hopkins. He mentioned in his journal that Hopkins should have kept to being a housewife and left writing and reading for men, "whose minds are stronger." Despite heavy criticism of women during her time, Bradstreet continued to write which led to the belief that she was interested in rebelling against societal norms of the time.
A prominent minister of the time,THOMAS PARKER, was also against the idea of women writing. No doubt he was opposed to the writing of Bradstreet as well.
LITERARY STYLE AND THEMES
Bradstreet let her homesick imagination Marshall her store of learning, for the glory of God and for the expression of an inquiring mind and sensible, philosophical spirit.
INTENDED AUDIENCE
Anne Bradstreet work tend to be directed to members of her family and are generally intimate. For instance, in Bradstreet "TO MY DEAR AND LOVING HUSBAND," The poem intended audience is her husband, Simon Bradstreet. Bradstreet uses various metaphor to describe her husband.
By reading Bradstreet works and recognizing her intended audience, one can get an idea of how life was for puritan woman. Bradstreet was not responsible for her writing becoming public. Bradstreet brother -in-law, John Woodbridge, sent her work off to be published. Her being a published author would have not been considered as a typical role of the PURITAN woman.
THEMES
The role of women is a common subject found in Bradstreet poems. Living in a puritan society, Bradstreet did not approve of the stereotypical idea that women were inferior to man during the 1600s. Women were expected to spend all their time cooking, cleaning, taking care of their children, and attending to their husband's Every need.
Bradstreet is also known for using her poetry as a means to question her own puritan beliefs; her doubt concerning God's mercy and her struggles to continue to place her faith in him are exemplified in such poems as "verses upon the Burning of our House."
In "THE PROLOGUE," Bradstreet demonstrates how society trivialize the accomplishment of women. The popular belief that women should be doing other things like sewing, rather than writing poetry.
TONE
Bradstreet often used a sarcastic tone in her poetry. In the first stanza of "The prologue " she claims " for my mean pen are too superior things " referring to society's belief that she is unfit to write about wars and the founding of cities because she is women.
QUATERNIONS
Bradstreet wrote four quaternions, "season","elements ", "humours ," and "ages," which made possible her "development as a poet in terms of technical craftsmanship as she learned to fashion the form artistically."
Bradstreet first two quaternions were her most successful. The central tension in her work is that between delight in the world and belief of its vanity.
MAJOR WORK
BEFORE THE BIRTH OF ONE OF HER CHILDREN
Anne Bradstreet "BEFORE THE BIRTH OF ONE OF HER CHILDREN " is actually about death - specifically, death in child birth, an all too common fate when this poem appeared in 1678. The first published writer from England's North America colonies, Bradstreet was also the mother of eight children.
This is a moving poem about a woman's opinion on death. Inspired by her pregnancy, the speaker pens this epistolary to her husband.
THEMES
Throughout this poem, the poet engages primarily with the theme of death. Despite the title, which references birth , she's more interested in talking about the negative consequences of childbirth. Her new child might die as might she. The poem turns into a goodbye to her husband that explains her awareness of the risks of birth. She has accepted that she will die one day, as everyone is, and wants her husband to remember her for as long as he can. This leads to the next theme: legacy. She wants to be remembered fondly and have her children taken care of.
YouTube video about this poem.
THE AUTHOR TO HER BOOK BY ANNE BRADSTREET
'The author to her book ' by Anne Bradstreet is a beautiful poem about the conversation between an author and her recently written book. At first hand, the poetic persona talks with the manuscript. Thereafter it goes to be published. In the next section, when the book comes as a published copy, the author, actually the poet talks with it. She comments on its quality and treats it like her baby. The poem presents the relationship between an author and her book.
'THE AUTHOR TO HER BOOK' describes the disappointment that a writer feels over the finished product she has created and her fruitless attempts to improve it.
'THE AUTHOR TO HER BOOK ' encompasses different themes that were popular at that time. The
Most important theme of the poem is motherhood. Here the poet is the mother and the book in the poem acts as her baby. Another important themes of the poem is criticism. The poet presents the theme of criticism in different ways.
YouTube video about this poem
Many other popular work by Anne Bradstreet. Like " TO MY DEAR AND LOVING HUSBAND " etc.
Wind up
Anne Bradstreet was the first woman to be recognized as a accomplished New world poet.
"I PRIZE THE IOVE MORE THAN WHOLE MINES OF GOLD OR ALL THE RICHES THAT EAST DOTH HOLD."
English writer Mary Shelley is best known for her horror novel "frankenstein, or the modern prometheus." She was married to poet percy Bysshe Shelley.
Writer Mary Shelley published her most famous novel, frankenstein, in 1818. She wrote several other books, including Valperga (1823), The Last Man (1826), the autobiography Lodore (1835) and the posthumously published Mathilde.
Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus (1818)
Frankenstein is the novel that tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a young scientist who created a sapient creature in an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was 18, and the first edition was published anonymously in London on 1 January 1818, when she was 20. Shelley travelled though Europe and visited Germany and frankenstein Castle which Can be suggested as an inspiration for her. After thinking for days, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made, inspiring the novel.
Characters
Victor Frankenstein
Ernest (Victor brother)
William (Victor's youngest brother)
Justin Moritz (live with frankenstein family from the age of 12)
Elizabeth Lavenza (adopted by frankenstein family and fiancee of Victor)
Caroline Beaufort (Victor mother)
Captain Robert Walton (writes latter)
Mrs. Margaret Saville (sister of Robert Walton)
Henry Clevel (Victor's friend)
M Walkman (influenced Victor)
The creature (creation of Victor)
De Lacey's ( blind old man) family
FRANKENSTEIN MOVIE DIRECTOR BY KENNETH BRANAGH
SIR KENNETH BRANAGH is an actor and filmmaker from Northern Ireland. Branagh trained at the royal academy of dramatic art in London; in 2015 he succeeded Richard attenborough as its president. He has been nominated for five Academy Awards and five Golden globe awards.
Synopsis
As Victor Frankenstein (KENNETH BRANAGH) is dying he shares a tale of gruesome terror with a sea captain. Victor, using previous experiments by a brilliant scientist, from body parts back to life. Once he realizes how destructive his experiments had become, he abandoned the creature and tried to live a normal life with his fiance. The lonely creature seeks out Victor and demands one of two things: a bride or revenge.
Cast & crew
KENNETH BRANAGH (director)
Robert De Niro (creature)
Tom Hulce (Henry clavell)
Helena Bonham-Carter (Elizabeth)
Many more other
Review of movie 🎬
James Berardinelli
Something more substantial than Hollywood's typical, fitfully entertaining fluff.
Roger ebert
The creature is on target, but the rest of the film is so frantic, so manic, it doesn't pause to be sure it's effects are registered.
David Ansen.
Watching the movie work itself into an operatic frenzy, one remains curiously detached: the grand gestures are there, but where's the music?
Variety staff
KENNETH BRANAGH has indeed created a monster, but not the kind he originally envisioned.
Steve Crum
Different look at the old frankenstein story, directed by BRANAGH.
Mary Shelley's frankenstein (1994) theatrical trailer -YouTube
Wind up
Many movie directed by KENNETH BRANAGH. Frankenstein was most popular work by Mary Shelley. KENNETH directed frankenstein movie release date was 4 November 1994 (USA). This movie also nominated academy award for best makeup and hairstyling (1995), Saturn award for best supporting actor(1994), BAFTA award for best production design (1995).
Simon armitage is an English poet, playwright and novelist who was appointed poet laureate on 10 may 2019. He also professor of poetry at the University of leeds.
Traditions of poet laureate
The title of poet laureate was first granted in England in the 17th century for poetic excellence. The tradition of a poet acting in service to a British sovereign is a long one, but the original of the modern post can be traced to Ben jonson, who was granted a pension by James1 in 1616. After 1668 the laureate ship was recognized as an established royal office to be filled automatically when vacant.
About Lockdown
His poem about coronavirus crisis. Lockdown, first published in the Guardian, moves from the outbreak of bubonic plague in Eyam in 17th century, when a bale of cloth from london brought fleas carrying the plague to the Derbyshire village, to the epic poem Meghaduta by the sanskrit poet kalidas.
The poem was also influenced by a scene in Meghaduta in which an exile sends reassuring words to his wife in the Himalayas via a passing cloud.
"The cloud is convinced to take the message because the yaksha, which I think is sort of an attendant spirit to a God of wealth, tells him what amazing landscape and scenery he's going to pass across. I thought it was a kind of hopeful, romantic gesture," said Armitage.
He thought there was a message to be learned "about taking things easy and being patient and trusting the earth and maybe having to come through this slightly slower, and wiser, at the other end -given that one thing that's accelerated the problem is our hectic lives and our proximitie and the frantic ways we go about things."
It has a grit as well as a sense of optimism and belief. "I didn't want to just write a dirge or an Elegy, but I didn't want to write a trivial bit of fluff either," said Armitage. "It is something I am very proud of. I I did feel a kind of pressure to produce something, which is not usually how I work, and it took a long while to pull it all together. "
Armitage, who is at home with his family in west yorkshire, said that "as the Lockdown became more apparent and it felt like the restrictions were closing in, the plague in Eyam became more and more resonant" to him.
His poem references Eyam boundary stone, which contained holes that the quarantined villagers would put their money in to pay for provisions from outside, and then fill with vinegar in the hope it would cleanse the coins. It also touches on the doomed romance between a girl who lived in Eyam and a boy outside the village who talked to her from a distance, until she stopped coming.
Poetry is "by definition consoling" because "it often asks us just to focus and think and be contemplative," said Armitage.
Lockdown set to music
Florence Pugh and Simon Armitage record Lockdown poem together
Collaboration is a recording of the poet laureates Lockdown set to music, with proceeds donated to the domestic abuse charity refuge
Simon Armitage, the poet laureate, has joined forces with the actor
Florence Pugh for a charity release of his poem about coronavirus crisis. Lockdown, first published in March, has been set to music and will be sold to help raise money for the domestic abuse charity refuge.
Armitage has been making track of his poems with collaborators Richard Walter's and Patrick j Pearson, collectively known as LYR, for a couple of years.
The track was recorded remotely during the current Lockdown. " we are very familiar with collaboration at distance," Armitage said. " we Have spent time together in studios but we are more used to putting things together over the internet so this was something we were able to assemble fairly quickly. "
Armitage, a former probation officer, said he was proud that the money would be going to refuge. " one subtext of the poem is the difficulty of communication during stressful situations. We have been especially conscious of the rise in domestic abuse cases and violence against women and children during the coronavirus restrictions."
The response to it has been emblematic of a wider interest in poetry during the Lockdown. "I think people have turned to poetry, not just writing it but reading it...it can be something to focus on and hold everything together for a while."
Impact of Lockdown on human behaviour
It's been months that all of us have been confined to our homes. The way we are operating is very different from what has been happening for years. Covid-19 has left a significant impact on human behavior.
The Lockdown restrictions and highly contagious virus have got the entire world 🌎 to a standstill. If we look at the positive side, people are now able to spend a reasonable amount of time with their families 👪. The positive and homely environment has got a good change in human behaviour.
"There are always two sides to a coin"
And this Lockdown also has a negative impact on human behaviour.
There has been an increase in domestic violence cases, suicide, people losing their jobs, lack of supply of basic needs, people getting stuck at the work locations, travel ban, closure of schools, and loss of lives due to pandemic.
The Covid-19 has led to a psychological imbalance of people. The layoffs and salary cuts increasing with each passing day led to people suffering from depression and fear of losing financial stability. The migrant workers lost their jobs, could not return to their homes and were devoid of necessities.
Closure of schools will have a considerable impact on the child's growth in the long run. The child stuck at home, with no exposure to new environment and new people. There are no physical and other such activities that help in a child's development. Some children have also been away from their parents due to the Lockdown restrictions.
Nothing can replace a human life. As days passed by, more people are losing their lives. The highly contagious virus has wrecked havoc. There have been many cases where a COVID positive was left alone with no family or friends support. A person committed suicide because her family did not wlecome her after successful being treated for covid. This pandemic has affected in many ways. We need to focus on mental health and motivation the people around us to be positive.
Many other people wrote creative poem in Lockdown, like
Dev joshi wrote the poem about Lockdown
Parul khakkar
Parul khakkar is gujarati writes. Devotional poems of radha- krishna. Recently, when the bodies of people dying of covid were found floating in the Ganga, it pained her so much that she wrote her now viral 14- line poem titled 'shave vahini Ganga' and shared it on her social media account.
Now the poem is being translated into many other languages. But first, a group of patriarchal social groups have resorted to trolling with vulgar comments. Parul khakkar said that the words that come out of the depths of hurt, as well as from a truly happy mind have a lot of power.
Parul khakkar words will hopefully create more awareness of the issues in how this pandemic has been handled, and need to shared even more widely.
Wind up
We are in difficult time! We are on dire need of such poems which may inspire us to be together rather than separated.
My home town is bhavnagar. Bhavnagar is famous as a place of art and culture " કલા અને સંસ્કૃતિ ની નગરી." It has always been an important city for art and artistic. Art galleries exhibit works by artists known by the general public; Exhibitions act as the catalyst of art and ideas to the public. Bhavnagar has many art gallery but we have talking about the one art gallery named after the great artist shri khodidas parmar.
SHRI KHODIDAS PARMAR
Khodidas parmar was a great presence as an artist and a greater gentleman. Khodidas wrote in a magazine an appreciation of a folk song, giving an advance testimony of his life's work. He introduced The Bhatigal Style of saurashtra in painting.
Khodidas parmar has also tried his hands on AJANTA CAVES paintings and to continue that idea and paying respect to their idol some of his students painted the caves paintings and an exhibition was held on it. An exhibition took us towards two more about shri khodidas parmar and second, to know more about ajanta caves.
AJANTA CAVES
The first Buddhist cave monumental at Ajanta date from the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C. during the Gupta period. The paintings and sculpture of ajanta, considered masterpieces of Buddhist religious Art, have had a considerable artistic influence.
Ajanta caves
They are universally regarded as masterpieces of Buddhist religious Art. The ajanta caves constitute ancient monasteries and worship-halls of different Buddhist traditions caved into a 75-metre wall of rock. The caves also present Paintings depicting the past lives and rebirths of the Buddha, pictorial tales from Aryasura's jatakamala, and rock -cut sculpture of Buddhist deities.
Panoramic view of ajanta caves from the nearby hill
Ajanta is one of the major tourist attractions of maharashtra. The ajanta style is also found in the Ellora caves and other sites such as the elephanta caves, aurangabad caves and the cave temples of karnataka.
Since 1983, ajanta caves have been listed among the UNIESCO world Heritage sites of India. In 2012, the maharashtra, tourism development corporations announced plans to add to ASI visitor center at the entrance complete replicas of caves 1,2,16,17, to reduce crowding in the original, and enable visitors to receive a better visuel idea of the paintings, which are dimlylit and hard to read in the caves.
SIGNIFICANCE
NATIVES, SOCIETY AND CULTURE IN THE ARTS AT AJANTA
Ajanta arts predominantly show native.
The ajanta caves arts are a window in to the culture, society and religiosity of the native population of India between the 2nd century BCE and 5th century CE. Different scholars have variously interpreted them from the perspective of gender studies, history, sociology, and the anthropology of South Asia.
According to Walter Spink- one of the most respected art historians on ajanta, these caves were by 475 CE a much revered site to the Indians, with throngs of "transformed into its monks and traders."
FOREIGNERS IN THE PAINTINGS OF AJANTA
The ajanta caves painting are a significant source of social economic information in ancient India, particularly in relation to the interaction of India with foreign cultures at the time most of the paintings were made, in the 5th century CE.
HAROON KHAN SHERWANI
"The paintings at Ajanta cleverly demonstrate the cosmopolitan character of Buddhism, which opened its way to men of all races, Greek, Persian, saka, pahlava, and huna."
Cave 1, for example, shows a mural fresco with characters with foreigner faces or dresses, the so called "Persian embassy scene." This scene is located at the right of the entrance door upon entering the hall.
INTERNATIONAL TREDE, GROWTH OF BUDDHIST
Cave 1 has several frescos with characters with foreigners faces or dresses. Similar depiction are found in the paintings of cave 17. A small number of scenes show foreigners drinking wine in cave 1 and 2.
Wind up
The ajanta caves painting are giving information about that time. Shri khodidas parmar art gallery
Organized ajanta exhibition. 51 paintings make by students of khodidas parmar. Comman public are more information about ajanta paintings.
Personally Jonson is the most commanding literary figure among the Elizabethan. For twenty-five years he was the
Literary dictator of london, the chief of all the wits that gathered nightly at the old devil tavern. With his great learning, his ability, and his commanding position as poet laureate, he set himself squarely against his contemporaries and the romantic tendency of the age.
Ben jonson full name was Benjamin jonson (1573-1637). Jonson's artistry exerted a lasting influence upon english poetry and stage comedy. He popularised the comedy of humours; he is best known for the satirical Plays Every man in his humour (1598), volume, the alchemist (1610)and Bartholomew fair (1614)and for his lyric and epigrammatic poetry. "He is generally regarded as the second most important English dramatist, after William shakespeare, during the reign of james1."
Jonson was a classically educated, well-read and cultured man of the English Renaissance with an appetite for controversy whose cultural influence was of unparalleled breadth upon the playwright and the poets of the Jacobean era (1603-1625)and of the Caroline era (1625-1642).
Early career
English literature, and particularly the drama, had already entered its golden age when Ben jonson began his career. Jonson's special contribution to this remarkably exuberant age was his strong sense of artistic form and control. Although an accomplished scholar, he had an unusual appreciation of the colloquial speech habits of the unfettered, which he used with marked effect in many of his plays.
Jonson's first major work, Every man in His Humour, was performed by the lord chamberlain men, with shakespeare taking the lead role. This play stands as a model of the "comedy of humours ", in which each characters behavior is dictated by a dominating whim or affectation. It is also a very cleverly constructed play.
Major work
Jonson's dramatic genius was fully revealed for the first time in Volpone (1606), a brilliant satiric comedy which jonson claimed was "fully penned" in 5 weeks. It was favorably received not only by london theatergoers but by more sophisticated audiences at Oxford and Cambridge.
The satire of jonson's next three comedies is more indulgent. Epicoene, or the silent woman (1609) is an elaborate intrigue built around a farcical character with an insane hatred of noise. The principal intriguer, sir Dauphie Eugenie, trick his noise -hating uncle morose into marrying a woman morose believes to be docile and quiet. She, however, turns out to be an extremely talkative person with a horde of equally talkative friends. After tormenting his uncle and in effect forcing him into a public declaration of his folly, sir Dauphine reveals that morose's volume wife is actually a boy disguised as a woman.
In The Alchemist (1610) the character are activated more by vice than folly -participants the vices of hypocrisy and greed.Jonson's treatment of such character, however, is less harsh than it was in Volpone, and their punishment consists largely in their humiliating self - exposure. Bartholomew fair (1614), unlike jonson's other comic masterpieces, does not rely on complicated intrigue and deception. It's relatively thin plot is little more than an excuse for parading an enormously rich and varied collection of unusual characters.
This YouTube video about Ben jonson life.
Ben jonson folios
Ben jonson collected his plays and other writings into a book he titled The workers of Benjamin jonson. In 1616 it was printed in London in the form of a folio. Second and third editions of his works were published posthumously in 1640 and 1692.
These editions of Ben jonson's works were a crucial development in the publication of English Renaissance drama. The first follo collection, the workers of Benjamin jonson, treated stage play as serious works of literature and stood as a precedent for other play collection that followed-notably the first folio of Shakespeare's play in 1623, the first Beaumont and fletcher folio in 1647, and other collections that were important in preserving the dramatic literature of the age.
THE FIRST FOLIO, 1616
The worker of Ben jonson, the first jonson folio of 1616, printed and published by William stansby and sold through bookseller Richard Meighen, contained nine plays all previously published, two works of non-dramatic poetry, thirteen masques, and six "entertainment."
The abortive 1631 addition
In 1631 jonson planned a second volume to be added to the 1616 follo, a collection of later -written works to be published by Robert Allot. Jonson, however, became dissatisfied with the quality of the printing, and canceled the project. Three plays were set into type for the projected collection, and printings of those typecast were circulated though whether they were sold commercially or distributed privately by jonson is unclear. The three plays are:
Bartholomew fair
The devil is an ass
The staple of news
The second folio,,1640/1
Two folio collections of jonson works were issued in 1640-41. Tha first, printed by Richard Bishop for Andrew crooke, was a 1640 reprint of the 1616 follo with corrections and emendations; it has something been termed " the second edition of the first folio." The second volume was edited by jonson's literary executor sir Kenelm Digby, and published by Richard Meighen, in co-operation with chetwind. That volume contained latek works, most of them unpublished or uncollected previously-six plays, two of them incomplete, and fifteen masques, plus miscellaneous pieces. In the Digby/Meighen volume-identified on its title page as "the second volume" of jonson's works - the varying dates(1631,1640, 1641) in some of the texts, and what editor William savage jonson once called "irregularity in contents and arrangements in different copies," have caused significant confusion.
The third folio,1692
The 1692 single-volume third folio was printed by Thomas Hodgkins and published by a syndicate of booksellers the title page lists Herringman, E.Brewster, T.Bassett, R. Chiswell, M.wotton,and G.conyers. the third folio added two works to the previous total; the play The New Inn, and leges convivial.
Two other works by jonson were left out of the 17th century folio but added to later editions: the plays The case is Altered and Eastward Ho.
